AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: We therefore built a composite model around the top 10 candidate metabolites plus AFP and trained it only on cases with BCLC 0/A-HCC (n = 181) and controls with cirrhosis (n = 149), yielding an average AUC of 94% with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 84% in the testing dataset after internal cross-validation (data randomly split 1,000 times into 70/30 training and testing sets) (Fig. 5A and Fig. S10).