The authors of a 2024 meta-analysis of 44 randomised controlled trials concluded that, compared to other diets, the KD lowers levels of inflammatory markers, such as TNF-α (WMD: −0.32 pg/mL) and IL-6 (WMD: −0.27 pg/mL) (which, as described above, are associated with obesity). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.