TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Among other things, obesity-induced inflammation is characterised by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL)-1β, and IL-6), the polarisation of macrophages towards M1 (pro-inflammatory) from M2 (anti-inflammatory), the activation of Th1 and Th17 cells, and neutrophil influx into adipose tissue [95,146,147].