MTOR and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): There are randomized controlled clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy and safety of mTORi in the treatment of certain manifestations associated with TSC, such as subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, drug-resistant focal seizures, and renal angiomyolipomas in children.18,19,23 To date, there is one phase II clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of symptomatic cardiac rhabdomyomas in children, but the results are not yet available.13