TNF and colitis: In a mouse model of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium, BUD was found to inhibit the expression of cytokines (e.g., myeloperoxidase/MPO and tumor necrosis factor/TNF-α) and inflammatory enzymes (e.g., cyclooxygenase-2/COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase/iNOS) [27].