CALR and neoplasm: Following ICD induction, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) like calreticulin (CRT), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP90), and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) are released, exposing tumor antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), thereby enhancing dendritic cell (DC) maturation, T-cell activation, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) infiltration to activate the host immune system against cancer, instigating an anti-tumor immune response [19,24,25].