PDPN and neoplasm: Specifically, FLOT1 (p = 0.018), HSPA5 (p = 0.010), ACTB (p = 0.002), PDIA4 (p = 0.0007), HMOX1 (p = 0.040), PDPN (p = 0.00000019), and ROMO1 (p = 0.0134) were significantly downregulated in the low-TS-concentration group (p < 0.05), suggesting a potential correlation between TS concentration and tumor-specific gene regulation.