AKT1 and neoplasm: Additionally, BaP induces oxidative stress by generating excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), which disrupts cellular redox balance, damages DNA, and activates multiple oncogenic pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB, thereby promoting uncontrolled proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and tumor progression [14,15].