PARP1 and Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: Activation of the DDR and PARP1 signaling pathways is a hallmark of PXE pathophysiology, and it was recently demonstrated that 10 μM minocycline treatment for 7 days significantly reduced PXE zebrafish hypermineralization, with an average 60% reduction, by attenuating excessive DDR/PARP1 signaling [57].