TNF and gastric ulcer: Pretreatment with CHRs had a significant inhibitory effect on the pro-inflammatory cytokine elements of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18 and mitigated gastric damage by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and down-regulating the expressions of ABCB1, ALOX5, and p-NF-κB, suggesting that CHRs act against the inflammation of gastric ulcers.