TGFB1 and neoplasm: In contrast, several tumor-promoting pathways, such as the mTOR signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, TGF-β signaling pathway, and Ras signaling pathway, were significantly downregulated following the ER-Cy-poNO2-mediated phototherapy (Figure 4d).