AHR and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): For example, estrogen receptors modulate AHR’s activity by direct interaction, and play opposite roles in glioma or EAE: The prevalence of astrocytoma is higher in men [45], while that of multiple sclerosis (modeled by EAE) is higher in women [46,47,48], suggesting that estrogen-ER activity is protective in glioma and detrimental in EAE.