As illustrated in Figure 3B–G, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1, and CCL3 were markedly elevated in the vehicle group, indicating that following infection with the influenza viruses, the lung tissues produced a plethora of proinflammatory mediators, thereby establishing an inflammatory milieu within the lungs. Here, TNF is linked to infection.