TNF and infection: Forty-nine randomized placebo-controlled studies comprising 14,590 participants showed that patients receiving TNF-α antagonists experienced a measurable rise in the probability of any infection (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.10–1.29) and a significant rise in the probability of opportunistic infections (OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.21–3.01) [27].