INS and Insulin resistance: As mentioned, recent studies have explored the effects of PTx on glucose metabolism, and overall, a potential benefit of PTx on glucose status is noted: e.g., lower fasting plasma glucose [30,38,40], decreased fasting insulin [38,40] and improvement of the insulin resistance as assessed by HOMA-IR [38,40] as well as a reduction of insulin resistance prevalence following parathyroid surgery [40].