SOD1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: In vitro, various neuroprotective effects of 4-AP have been observed, such as increased levels of neuronal activity, caspase activation, reduction in endoplasmic reticulum stress, and correction of ion channel imbalances in motor neurons and induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis carrying mutations in the FUS and SOD1 genes [162].