The results showed a significant elevation in MIP-1β in malaria cases (n = 304) compared to uninfected individuals (n = 241) (p < 0.0001, random effects model, SMD: 1.5413, 95% CI: 0.8744 to 2.2082, I2: 88.8%, number of studies: four, 545 individuals, Figure 3). Here, CCL4 is linked to malaria.