Iodine deficiency predisposes to preeclampsia through defective placental angiogenesis in the first trimester, which leads to ischaemia, atherogenesis, oxidative stress, diminished PlGF production, increased trophoblastic apoptosis and elevated sFlt-1 secretion leading to maternal systemic endothelial dysfunction [50,51]. Here, PGF is linked to preeclampsia.