In a study investigating the potential role of melatonin in ameliorating myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in transplanted hearts in a rat model, it was reported that melatonin significantly balanced the increase in TNF-α and IL-1 in myocardial levels and significantly reduced the severity of cardiac injury in rats undergoing a transplantation procedure [35]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and myocardial ischemia.