Notably, sodium butyrate supplementation has been consistently shown to upregulate PGC-1α expression in diverse tissues or cells, driving phenotypic improvements such as weight reduction in obesity [59], attenuation of hepatic steatosis in high-fat fed rats [60], and enhanced steroidogenesis in ovarian granulosa cells [61]. The gene discussed is PPARGC1A; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.