MMP2 and cancer: A further study, conducted on tongue carcinoma cells (TCA8113) by Yang et al., showed that treatment with grape seed extract leads to reduced migration and invasion of cancer cells due to the suppression of the Akt/NF-κ B signaling pathway, as well as the decreased expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 metalloproteinases, essential for the degradation of extracellular matrix and spread of malignant cells [104].