NFKB1 and Cognitive impairment: Besides urate modulation, quercetin upregulates Nrf2 protein, enhancing antioxidant enzymes (e.g., SOD, GSH), while suppressing the NF-κB pathway to mitigate oxidative stress-related pathologies such as ischemia–reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, and cognitive impairment [48,49].