PIK3CA and vascular malformation: Unlike FCDII (mTOR-associated, e.g., PIK3CA/AKT3) mutations [32] affected by the mTOR pathway, FCDIII exhibits genetic heterogeneity (LRPPRC, UNC13C) and dual pathology (tumors/vascular malformations) with indirect mTOR linkage because mTOR drives FCDII cytopathology (e.g., balloon cells), and FCDIII pathogenesis involves broader somatic and mosaic mechanisms.