Thus, it is important to determine whether preclinical/prodromal AD is attributable to AD pathology or caused by the presence of co-pathologies recapitulating behavioural symptoms (e.g. TDP-43 in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia).3,12 If MBI is indeed specific to AD neuropathology, as our work suggests, then its implementation in clinical trials and practice would be of great aid in enriching target treatment groups with AD.3 Here, TARDBP is linked to Alzheimer disease.