CCL2 and chronic kidney disease: In the context of high levels of indoxyl sulfate, as seen in CKD, myostatin might promote the chemotaxis and the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells, while favoring the VSMC migration and arterial intima thickening through the upregulation of endothelial MCP-1 and IL-8 [4,8,9,21,28,29].