DPP4 and Hyperglycemia: Central to this complexity are five pivotal targets: (1) α-glucosidase, which modulates postprandial hyperglycemia via carbohydrate digestion; (2) protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), an insulin receptor signaling antagonist; (3) dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), responsible for incretin hormone degradation; (4) glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a negative regulator of glycogen synthesis; and (5) fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), a mediator of lipid-induced insulin resistance and inflammation [7].