TGFB1 and Cognitive impairment: PF mitigated cognitive impairment, decreased proinflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), and increased anti-inflammatory markers (e.g., IL-10 and TGF-β) in the hippocampus. It also protected against morphological damage of hippocampal neurons by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, which shifts microglial polarization to the M2 phenotype.