TLR2 and colitis: Studies showed that LTA from Lactobacillus plantarum exerts anti-inflammatory activity both in vitro and in vivo, by reducing Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and subsequent nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in human intestinal epithelial cells [109,110], lowering the Colitis Disease Activity Index (CDAI) as well as TNFα levels in LTA-treated mice compared to untreated ones [110].