As the disease progressed, cytokines and chemokines such as GM-CSF, G-CSF, SDF-1/CXCL12, and RANTES/CCR5, regulated by both Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signaling pathways, were particularly elevated in high-grade dysplasia and cancer in the murine CAC model [109]. The gene discussed is CXCL12; the disease is cancer.