CTLA4 and lung cancer: We also analyzed the real-world data from the European Union pharmacovigilance database (EudraVigilance) up to 9 March 2025 for ICIs—including PD-1 inhibitors (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, toripalimab), PD-L1 inhibitors (atezolizumab, durvalumab), and the CTLA-4 inhibitor ipilimumab—commonly used in lung cancer therapy.