Females with dementia showed higher baseline NfL compared to males (mean = 49.0 pg/mL vs. 29.4 pg/mL, mean difference = 19.4, 95% CI [–33.0, –5.7], P = 0.006; see Table S1), whereas participants who were asymptomatic or MBCI at baseline did not differ on NfL concentrations (asymptomatic: 8.2 pg/mL vs. 9.2 pg/mL, t[156] = –0.46, P = 0.650; MBCI: 18.0 pg/mL vs. 22.3 pg/mL, t(47) = –0.74, P = 0.466). Here, NEFL is linked to dementia.