ATF4 and diabetes mellitus: In both metformin and SE treatments, the gene expressions of CHOP, GRP78, ATF4, and ERN1 were notably decreased (1.48 ± 0.17, 1.38 ± 0.16, 1.71 ± 0.13, and 1.51 ± 0.252 for DM + M200; 1.09 ± 0.13, 1.08 ± 0.14, 1.53 ± 0.11, and 1.27 ± 0.12 for DM + SE500) compared to those in the DM group (Figures 6(a), 6(b), 6(c), 6(d)).