Then, in T-tumor co-culture scenarios, the in vitro QSP model can quantitatively and simultaneously predict the tumor cell killing dose response upon antibody treatments (mAbs and BsAbs) targeting different immune checkpoints such as TIGIT (Figure 3C), PD-1 (Figure 3D), PD-L1 (Supplementary Figure S2) and TIGIT/PD-L1 (Figure 3E; Supplementary Figure S2). Here, TIGIT is linked to neoplasm.