Notably, programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)/transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1) dual-targeting small molecule inhibitors and D + T dual-targeting therapy for BRAF-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) generated promising results, supporting the feasibility of combination approaches in modulating disease (Quach et al., 2022; Yang et al., 2024b). Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.