SOD1 and cancer: RNA G4 structures have been shown to regulate the expression of genes implicated in the hallmarks of cancer, including tumor protein p53 (TP53), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), and transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGFβ-2).229, 230, 231 Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is overexpressed in cancers and localized in the cytoplasm.232