TNF and triple-A syndrome: The results showed that riboflavin significantly increased SOD activity, reduced ROS and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)-positive cells, and decreased TNF-α and MMP-9 mRNA expression, ultimately leading to reduced aortic dilatation and increased elastin content, demonstrating the protective role of riboflavin AAA (Yu et al., 2016).