Finally, the mechanism of inhibition of collateral artery development by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and VEGFR1 suggests that oxidative stress not only affects direct vascular injury, but also interferes with vascular repair and regeneration by affecting key molecules in the process of vascular neovascularization, which provides a new perspective for understanding the complex pathophysiology of TAO (Sun et al., 2017). Here, FLT1 is linked to thromboangiitis obliterans.