Additionally, novel probiotic strains, such as Lacticaseibacillus paracasei sh2020, have been shown to enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy by upregulating CXCL10 expression in tumors, thereby promoting CD8+ T cell infiltration and activation, reducing tumor burden, and improving the tumor microenvironment (Zhang et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.