INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Previous NMAs had the following limitations: they involved systematic searches conducted before 2024 and thus before several longer-term RCTs were published; they had small sample sizes and narrow inclusion criteria; they evaluated few outcomes; and they were conducted without any patient or public involvement.4, 5, 6, 7 Therefore, this systematic review and NMA aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of AID systems and other currently available insulin treatment modalities based on outpatient RCTs of at least three weeks of intervention involving people with type 1 diabetes.