TGFB1 and neoplasm: For instance, a genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic landscape of 44 TGF-β pathway genes and 50 downstream target genes of the pathway in 9,125 patients across all 33 TCGA PanCancer Atlas tumor types (Korkut et al. 2018) revealed that 40% of the cancers carry TGF-β-Smad pathway gene alterations with a common transcription signature; the genomic alterations affect expression of metastatic and epidermal-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) genes; the pathway is most frequently aberrant in Liver and GI cancers, which exhibited 113 of the 176 hotspot mutations identified in the overall cohort.