Examples include mouse models of HCC with haploinsufficiency of Tgfbr2, Tgfb, and intercrosses between Smad3/4 with the adaptor Sptbn1 (Tgfbr2-/-, Smad4+/-Sptbn1+/- and Smad3+/-Sptbn1+/-​ on a C57BL/6 background) (Biswas et al. 2004; Gough et al. 2021a; Gu et al. 2020; Z. Wang et al. 2021b). This evidence concerns the gene TGFBR2 and hepatocellular carcinoma.