While AFP-L3 has been found contributed negligibly in GALAD (Hou et al. 2025; Johnson et al. 2014), two phase 2 prospective studies (n = 1006 and n = 1142) found that the GAAD score (combining sex, age, AFP, DCP) performed as sensitive (90% and 93.7%) and specific (85.3% and 83.1%) as the GALAD algorithm (sensitivity 93%, specificity 83.3%) in differentiating HCC from chronic liver disease (Hou et al. 2025; Piratvisuth et al. 2023). Here, AFP is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.