CD38 and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: We observed that the percentage of CD34+CD38− and CD34+CD38+ cells was significantly higher in PB MNCs of JMML patients compared to healthy controls (Supplementary Fig. 4D), in line with previous reports31, and higher CLL-1 expression in PB JMML CD34+ cells compared to healthy control CD34+ cells (Fig. 3E).