IL1B and vulvovaginal candidiasis: A coordinated inflammatory response has been observed in vaginal candidiasis-positive women compared with candidiasis-free controls in Uganda and Zambia, where the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (2.75 pg/mg, p = 0.0075) and IL-6 (11.77 pg/mg, p = .0039) initiate an immune cascade, triggering chemokine IL-8 (974.12 pg/mg, p = 0.0002)-mediated immune cell recruitment [12].