NEDD9 and infection: Therefore, we hypothesize that the role of NEDD9 in regulating cellular processes such as cytoskeletal dynamics, cell adhesion, and immune signaling may indirectly affect viral entry, replication, and immune evasion [33], and we found that the expression of NEDD9 protein was increased in the infection group compared with A549 without H5N1 infection, which was similar to the increase in NEDD9 expression in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection [34].