EIF2A and cancer: In vitro data from a study investigating the mechanistic basis of the effect identified that several cancer cell lines treated with TTFields had increased immunogenic cell death (ICD) markers, such as elevated phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) with subsequent calreticulin translocation to the cell surface, release of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), and autophagy-dependent ATP release [47].