TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: In severe cases, a dysregulated immune response can occur, often resulting in a “cytokine storm”, characterized by the release of large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), which can cause widespread tissue damage leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure [14,16].