IL18 and infection: For example, in vitro infection of chicken monocyte-derived macrophages and CD4+ T cells with live SE resulted in higher IL-17F, TGF-β4, IL-6, CXCLi2, IL-12α, IL-18, and IL-10 when compared to cells infected with live S. Pullorum, demonstrating that SE preferentially stimulated a Th2/Th17-type response [65].