This uncertainty of how anti-CTLA-4 antibodies on one hand appear to actively inhibit T-cell responses, but nevertheless have the capacity to augment T-cell-mediated anti-tumour responses is difficult to reconcile, and on top of that there is less information regarding effects on human T-cell-mediated immunity in vitro. One study, however, has shown that anti-CTLA-4 antibodies do also inhibit antigen-specific T-cell responses [54]. The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is neoplasm.