VEGFA and neoplasm: The phosphorylated tyrosine residues activate the downstream signalling pathway proteins and related enzymes, which act directly on the vascular endothelial cells, promoting endothelial cell proliferation, migration, survival, increased permeability, and stimulating vascular growth in tumour tissues (31); VEGF induces endothelial cell activation, including changes in endothelial cell morphology, cytoskeletal alterations, migration, and growth.