Additionally, researchers have engineered AMF-responsive, tumor-targeting bacteria by conjugating a Fe3O4@lipid nanocomposite to genetically modified E. coli BL21, which expresses HlpA—an agent that binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans commonly overexpressed in CRCs—along with anti-CD47 nanobodies (Ma et al., 2023). Here, CD44 is linked to neoplasm.