ARAF and cancer: Specific cancer-promoting pathobionts, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum (Kostic et al., 2013), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (Long et al., 2019), enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (Wu et al., 2009), Parvimonas micra (Zhao et al., 2022b), and pks + Escherichia coli (Arthur et al., 2012) are linked to colonic inflammation.