Recent studies regarding VEGF inhibitors on HNSCC treatment highlighted the interplay between the VEGF pathway and the TIME of HNSCC, demonstrating that combining VEGF inhibitors such as ramucirumab with ICIs such as pembrolizumab can modulate the TIME, enhance immune infiltration, and improve therapeutic efficacy in recurrent or metastatic HNSCC (124, 125). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.