The number of diseases in which perturbations in cytokines, calcium stress, mitochondrial stress, reticuloendoplasmic stress, autophagy, HIF-1α or Nrf2 are observed is very large and includes autoimmune diseases (515–517), neurodegenerative diseases (518–520), cardiovascular disease (521–523), type 2 diabetes (524, 525), hypertension (526), obesity (527), metabolic syndrome (528), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (529–531), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (532–534), depression (535–537) and schizophrenia (538–540). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.