Studies have reported that the imbalance of gut microbiota is involved in many links from diabetes to DN, such as insulin secretion disorders, glycation end products, chronic inflammatory state, etc. Identification of gut microbiota can be used as a key biomarker for the diagnosis and prediction of DN (Bakir-gungor et al., 2021; Gurung et al., 2020). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is liver dysplastic nodule.